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				<h1 class="study-title">Justifying Violence:  Attitudes of American Men, 1969 (ICPSR 3504)</h1>
				<p><span><strong>Principal Investigator(s):</strong>
						Monica D. Blumenthal; 
						Robert L. Kahn; 
						Frank M. Andrews
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		        		<h2>Project Description:</h2>
								<p><span><strong>Summary:</strong> This study contains data on the attitudes of 1,374 American 
 men aged 16-64 toward violence in 1969. The study was undertaken 
 to examine the levels of violence that can be viewed as justified 
 to bring about social control or social change. Also emphasized 
 were the role of the respondents' personal values, their definitions 
 of violence, and their identification with the groups involved in 
 violence. Some of the open-ended questions in the structured interview 
 probed the respondents' general concerns, their attitudes toward 
 violence, and their views on the causes of and ways of preventing 
 violence. In questions grouped into categories of "violence for social 
 control" and "violence for social change", respondents were asked to 
 react to situations involving protests and other disturbances such as 
 hoodlum gang disturbances, students' protests, and Black protest 
 demonstrations. Repondents' opinions were sought on the appropriate 
 police actions in these situations and the frequency with which 
 certain control measures should be utilized. Respondents were also
 asked in three different situations whether they believed change 
 could be effected without action involving property damage or injury, 
 or if change could only be effected with protests in which some people 
 were killed. Demographic variables describe age, sex, date of birth, 
 nationality, occupation, education, religion, and family income. A 
 supplementary sample of Black men is also included in this study in 
order to permit separate analysis on the basis of race.</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Citation:</strong> <div class="csl-bib-body">
  <div class="csl-entry">Blumenthal, Monica D., Kahn, Robert L., and Andrews, Frank M. Justifying Violence:  Attitudes of American Men, 1969.  [distributor], 2005-11-04. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR03504.v2</div>
</div></span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Funding:</strong> National Science Foundation (GS2424)</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Subject Terms:</strong> aggression, assault, attitudes, gang violence, males, perceptions, political violence, social change, social control, social values, violence, violent crime</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Geographic Coverage:</strong> United States</span></p>
		        		<h2>Scope of Project:</h2>
								<p><span><strong>Time Period(s):</strong> 1969</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Date of Collection:</strong> 1969</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Data Collection Notes:</strong> The codebook is provided by ICPSR as a Portable Document Format (PDF) file.  
  The PDF file format was developed by Adobe Systems Incorporated and can be accessed using 
  PDF reader software, such as Adobe Acrobat Reader.  Information on how to obtain a copy 
 of the Acrobat Reader is provided on the ICPSR Web site.</span></p>
		        		<h2>Methodology:</h2>
								<p><span><strong>Sample:</strong> A total of 1,374 men aged 16-64, including a supplementary 
 sample of Black men, living in dwelling units in the coterminous United 
States in 1969.</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Data Source:</strong> personal interviews</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Data Type(s):</strong> survey data</span></p>
		        		<h2>Version(s):</h2>
								<p><span><strong>Original Release Date:</strong> 1984-05-03</span></p>
								<p><span><strong>Version History:</strong> 2018-02-15 The citation of this study may have changed due to the new version control system that has been implemented. The previous citation was: <ul><li>Blumenthal, Monica D., Robert L. Kahn, and Frank M. Andrews. JUSTIFYING VIOLENCE: ATTITUDES OF AMERICAN MEN, 1969. Conducted by University of Michigan, Survey Research Center. 2nd ICPSR ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 1978. http://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR03504.v2</li></ul>, 2005-11-04  On 2005-03-14 new files were added to one
 or  more datasets.  These files included additional setup files as well
 as one or more of the following: SAS  program, SAS transport, SPSS portable, 
 and Stata system files. The  metadata record was revised  2005-11-04 to 
reflect these additions., <p>1984-05-03 ICPSR data undergo a confidentiality review and are altered when necessary to limit the risk of disclosure. ICPSR also routinely creates ready-to-go data files along with setups in the major statistical software formats as well as standard codebooks to accompany the data. In addition to these procedures, ICPSR performed the following processing steps for this data collection:</p><ul><li>Performed consistency checks.</li></ul></span></p>
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